As published on J-Source.ca and reprinted by World News Publishing Focus and Danielle magazine.
And so the Great Canadian
Newspaper Roll-up has begun.
This was predictable once the
Competition Bureau rubber-stamped Postmedia Network’s $316-million takeover of
Sun Media last year. As a result, Postmedia now publishes 37.4 per cent of
Canadian daily newspaper circulation, according to my calculations.
It is in the three westernmost
provinces, however, where its grip is truly unprecedented. In B.C., Alberta
and Saskatchewan, it now owns
eight of the nine largest dailies and accounts for a whopping 75.4 per cent of
daily newspaper circulation. It owns both daily newspapers in Calgary,
Edmonton and Ottawa,
as it already did in Vancouver.
In all four cities, newsrooms
will be merged. Residents of these burghs should be outraged, as should all
Canadians who cherish what little remains of journalistic independence in this
country. Not to mention those who put any value on promises made.
The immediate angle that
emanated from certain journalistic quarters in response to this news was a
hand-wringing wail that it was only more evidence that
newspapers are
dying.
Nothing could be further from
the truth, as I explain in my recent book, Greatly Exaggerated: The Myth
of the Death of Newspapers. A quick glance at Postmedia’s latest
financial
statement shows it recorded operating income of $42.5 million on
revenues of $251 million in the first quarter of its 2015-16 fiscal year, for a
very healthy profit margin of 16.9 per cent.
The self-serving myth that
newspapers are dying is one that publishers have promoted to advantage for
decades. It was used with great success in the U.S.
after the Supreme Court ruled illegal in 1965 the increasingly popular “joint
operating agreements” between newspapers that went into business together, set
advertising and subscription rates jointly and split the profits.
Newspapers lobbied furiously
for an exemption from U.S.
antitrust laws after the Supreme Court ruling, claiming that under the
prevailing natural monopoly theory of newspapers there would otherwise be only
one daily eventually left in each city. The result was the Newspaper
Preservation Act of 1970, which sanctified newspaper marriages, but only if
they maintained journalistic competition by keeping separate newsrooms.
In Canada,
joint operating agreements sprang up on the west coast in the 1950s. The Victoria
Times and The Colonist amalgamated mechanical operations in the
early 1950s, but kept separate newsrooms until the newspapers were merged by
Thomson in 1980. After the Vancouver Sun and
the Daily Province combined
non-editorial operations in 1957, however, the Restrictive Trade Practices
Commission ruled the merger an illegal combination between competitors, as I
document in my 2001 bookPacific Press: The Unauthorized Story of Vancouver’s
Newspaper Monopoly.
The owners of the Sun and Province,
however, pointed to the closure on both sides of the border of smaller, weaker
newspapers as evidence that newspapers were dying, and they were allowed to go
into business together. The Restrictive Trade Practices Commission made them
promise to keep separate newsrooms forever, which now seems to have been
officially forgotten.
The events of “Black
Wednesday,” which saw the Ottawa Journal and the Winnipeg
Tribune close on August 27, 1980, prompting a Royal Commission on
Newspapers, was proof positive to many of the natural monopoly theory of newspapers.
The 1981 Royal Commission
report pointed to the rising tide of ownership concentration, as had a 1970
Senate report on mass media. Both urged measures to stem the inexorable
economic forces that drove industry consolidation, but nothing was ever done.
The Senate report recommended a
Press Ownership Review Board to oversee changes in ownership, along with
government subsidies to encourage a competing bare-bones “Volkswagen press.”
The Royal Commission urged limits on chain ownership of newspapers, but none
were enacted as the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau was replaced by the
Progressive Conservatives of Brian Mulroney.
But then a funny thing happened
in those two cities and others where only one newspaper remained. Colorful
tabloids, modeled after the wildly successful Toronto
Sun, sprang up as competition to monopoly broadsheets in Ottawa,
Winnipeg and Edmonton. Soon
there was an entire chain of tabloids Suns across Canada.
Even staid old Southam converted its dowdy old Vancouver
Province to tabloid format in
1983 to stave off extinction, and it thrived with a younger readership, which
in turn attracted advertisers trying to sell to that valued demographic.
When Postmedia bought the Sun
Media chain in late 2014, CEO Paul Godfrey
promised it
would continue to operate independently with its own newsrooms and opinions. He
repeated
the promise after the Competition Bureau approved the purchase in
early 2015. By the time the Sun Media takeover was completed a few weeks later,
however, the promise had been softened. Postmedia’s senior vice president of
content, Lou Clancy,
said
then that some writers may be shared between the chains, but that the
“Suns and Postmedia broadsheets would compete with each other.”
I guess it just shows the value
of promises where hedge funds are concerned.
Marc Edge is a professor of
media and communication at University Canada West in Vancouver.
